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	<title>Comments on: Beyond Peak Oil and Climate Change</title>
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	<link>http://permaculture.org.au/2009/04/26/beyond-peak-oil-and-climate-change/</link>
	<description>Permaculture News, Commentary and Worldwide Projects.</description>
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		<title>By: Tom Blakeslee</title>
		<link>http://permaculture.org.au/2009/04/26/beyond-peak-oil-and-climate-change/#comment-48874</link>
		<dc:creator>Tom Blakeslee</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 09 Jun 2010 15:37:01 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://permaculture.org.au/?p=1361#comment-48874</guid>
		<description>Oops! I just found it:
&quot;Nazimek says his “artificial photosynthesis” process is based on the photocatalytic conversion of water and carbon dioxide under deep ultraviolet light. Synthesis of 1 kmole (32 kg) of CH3OH from CO2 and H2O requires 586MJ of energy, according to Nazimek’s calculations. (Methanol has a HHV of 22.7 MJ/kg, or 726 MJ/kmole).&quot;
http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/07/nazimek-20090707.html
That means (ignoring the CO2) the photon energy is converted with 586/726 = 80.7% efficiency. The problem is that sunlight doesn&#039;t have much UV left because of the atmosphere.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Oops! I just found it:<br />
&#8220;Nazimek says his “artificial photosynthesis” process is based on the photocatalytic conversion of water and carbon dioxide under deep ultraviolet light. Synthesis of 1 kmole (32 kg) of CH3OH from CO2 and H2O requires 586MJ of energy, according to Nazimek’s calculations. (Methanol has a HHV of 22.7 MJ/kg, or 726 MJ/kmole).&#8221;<br />
<a href="http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/07/nazimek-20090707.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/07/nazimek-20090707.html</a><br />
That means (ignoring the CO2) the photon energy is converted with 586/726 = 80.7% efficiency. The problem is that sunlight doesn&#8217;t have much UV left because of the atmosphere.</p>
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		<title>By: Tom Blakeslee</title>
		<link>http://permaculture.org.au/2009/04/26/beyond-peak-oil-and-climate-change/#comment-48873</link>
		<dc:creator>Tom Blakeslee</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 09 Jun 2010 15:29:12 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://permaculture.org.au/?p=1361#comment-48873</guid>
		<description>I&#039;m afraid you may be underestimating the photon energy required to make fuel from CO2. Carbon Sciences CABN.OB in the US has filed for a patent on a similar process. They use methane as a source of energy. Looking at this page of their web site:
http://www.carbonsciences.com/01/applications.html 
the fuel is made mostly from natural gas with only a little CO2. The Methane has 78 million BTU of energy and the gasoline out has 54 million so that&#039;s 68% efficient ignoring the CO2.

When the gasoline burns it emits 4.71 tons of CO2 so the 2 tons used cuts net emissions to 2.71

They may be different processes but we shouldn&#039;t get too excited till we know how much photon energy is needed to make the fuel. CO2 is low energy spent fuel.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I&#8217;m afraid you may be underestimating the photon energy required to make fuel from CO2. Carbon Sciences CABN.OB in the US has filed for a patent on a similar process. They use methane as a source of energy. Looking at this page of their web site:<br />
<a href="http://www.carbonsciences.com/01/applications.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.carbonsciences.com/01/applications.html</a><br />
the fuel is made mostly from natural gas with only a little CO2. The Methane has 78 million BTU of energy and the gasoline out has 54 million so that&#8217;s 68% efficient ignoring the CO2.</p>
<p>When the gasoline burns it emits 4.71 tons of CO2 so the 2 tons used cuts net emissions to 2.71</p>
<p>They may be different processes but we shouldn&#8217;t get too excited till we know how much photon energy is needed to make the fuel. CO2 is low energy spent fuel.</p>
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		<title>By: Marcin Gerwin</title>
		<link>http://permaculture.org.au/2009/04/26/beyond-peak-oil-and-climate-change/#comment-38831</link>
		<dc:creator>Marcin Gerwin</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 05 Dec 2009 20:18:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://permaculture.org.au/?p=1361#comment-38831</guid>
		<description>UPDATE: I have some latest news with regards to artificial photosynthesis. I have calculated the estimate costs of production of 1 liter of methanol myself and they are higher than in the article above. What&#039;s more, I didn&#039;t manage to confirm the energy use of the device, even though I have visited the lab in person (the photoreactor was not turned on at that time). This is the most controversial part and I guess for the definite data we&#039;ll have to wait until the first facility is built. The content of the catalyst has been revealed and unfortunately it does contain a rare metal - ruthenium - although I asked at least twice if it did.

Oh, well...</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>UPDATE: I have some latest news with regards to artificial photosynthesis. I have calculated the estimate costs of production of 1 liter of methanol myself and they are higher than in the article above. What&#8217;s more, I didn&#8217;t manage to confirm the energy use of the device, even though I have visited the lab in person (the photoreactor was not turned on at that time). This is the most controversial part and I guess for the definite data we&#8217;ll have to wait until the first facility is built. The content of the catalyst has been revealed and unfortunately it does contain a rare metal &#8211; ruthenium &#8211; although I asked at least twice if it did.</p>
<p>Oh, well&#8230;</p>
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		<title>By: Marcin Gerwin</title>
		<link>http://permaculture.org.au/2009/04/26/beyond-peak-oil-and-climate-change/#comment-31730</link>
		<dc:creator>Marcin Gerwin</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 03 May 2009 15:31:19 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://permaculture.org.au/?p=1361#comment-31730</guid>
		<description>Martin, I must confess that calling CO2 a pollutant is a little confusing for me too :) CO2 is essential for plants growth and for keeping a livable climate on Earth. We do need a greenhouse effect, otherwise it would be too cold (around -18°C). Having said that, there is no doubt that pumping too much CO2 into the air is a problem. CO2 traps heat and you can easily confirm it in the lab. The ability of various gases to absorb heat was discovered as early as in 1850s by John Tyndall. The research work of many climatologists (eg. from Met Office) shows that if we didn&#039;t increase the CO2 level in the air then global average temperature would be lower. My personal feeling is that the loss of forests around the world has also seriously affected global climate by changing local weather patterns on a large scale, but that&#039;s just an intuition.

I hope to have a clear analysis of costs for the electricity generation using CO2 to methanol process for the Cool Proposal along with the forecast of economic impact. Jobs are my concern as well :)</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Martin, I must confess that calling CO2 a pollutant is a little confusing for me too <img src='http://permaculture.org.au/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif' alt=':)' class='wp-smiley' />  CO2 is essential for plants growth and for keeping a livable climate on Earth. We do need a greenhouse effect, otherwise it would be too cold (around -18°C). Having said that, there is no doubt that pumping too much CO2 into the air is a problem. CO2 traps heat and you can easily confirm it in the lab. The ability of various gases to absorb heat was discovered as early as in 1850s by John Tyndall. The research work of many climatologists (eg. from Met Office) shows that if we didn&#8217;t increase the CO2 level in the air then global average temperature would be lower. My personal feeling is that the loss of forests around the world has also seriously affected global climate by changing local weather patterns on a large scale, but that&#8217;s just an intuition.</p>
<p>I hope to have a clear analysis of costs for the electricity generation using CO2 to methanol process for the Cool Proposal along with the forecast of economic impact. Jobs are my concern as well <img src='http://permaculture.org.au/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif' alt=':)' class='wp-smiley' /> </p>
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		<title>By: Martin</title>
		<link>http://permaculture.org.au/2009/04/26/beyond-peak-oil-and-climate-change/#comment-31706</link>
		<dc:creator>Martin</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 03 May 2009 02:42:11 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://permaculture.org.au/?p=1361#comment-31706</guid>
		<description>Marcin, I radically disagree with your assessment of carbon dioxide as a greenhouse pollutant, real pollutants are the various products of incomplete combustion - global warming/climate change whatever alarmists are doing their worst to concentrate power even more thoroughly in the hands of a few - energy commissars of the State and an oligarchy of firms who will profit from &#039;carbon trading&#039;. The extra expense will be borne by taxpayers making individuals and families even more dependent on Leviathan. 

This transition you are talking about will be massively expensive and cost many jobs, it will slow civilising efforts in the developed world and make people even further dependent on welfare from the State. This human thirst for unity and togetherness is perverted when it seeks its centre in the State, you&#039;ll find the global . .. . . whatever becoming more and more coercive as the facts count against the ideology - they are moving fast. 

What is through and through an empirical question has not been shown to many people&#039;s satisfaction and questioners are being silenced. There are much greater threats to civilisation and lies like these are the perfect way to shield us from the truly pertinent questions. 

A methanol economy is a great way to achieve energy independence, reduce pollution, help developing economies wean themselves off oil cartel dependence and increase family budgets and ability to raise children by utilising our natural resources cleanly and economically. 

I believe Prof. Plimer is correct again and a dispassionate rather than fevered ideological movement stance is utterly necessary at this time. We are in a very dangerous position because of shoddy thinking in finance, we cannot afford shoddy thinking in energy policy given it touches virtually ever aspect of our lives. 

People have to do serious business with thinkers like Prof. Plimer and the thousands of scientist in solidarity with him. This has not been done to date.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Marcin, I radically disagree with your assessment of carbon dioxide as a greenhouse pollutant, real pollutants are the various products of incomplete combustion &#8211; global warming/climate change whatever alarmists are doing their worst to concentrate power even more thoroughly in the hands of a few &#8211; energy commissars of the State and an oligarchy of firms who will profit from &#8216;carbon trading&#8217;. The extra expense will be borne by taxpayers making individuals and families even more dependent on Leviathan. </p>
<p>This transition you are talking about will be massively expensive and cost many jobs, it will slow civilising efforts in the developed world and make people even further dependent on welfare from the State. This human thirst for unity and togetherness is perverted when it seeks its centre in the State, you&#8217;ll find the global . .. . . whatever becoming more and more coercive as the facts count against the ideology &#8211; they are moving fast. </p>
<p>What is through and through an empirical question has not been shown to many people&#8217;s satisfaction and questioners are being silenced. There are much greater threats to civilisation and lies like these are the perfect way to shield us from the truly pertinent questions. </p>
<p>A methanol economy is a great way to achieve energy independence, reduce pollution, help developing economies wean themselves off oil cartel dependence and increase family budgets and ability to raise children by utilising our natural resources cleanly and economically. </p>
<p>I believe Prof. Plimer is correct again and a dispassionate rather than fevered ideological movement stance is utterly necessary at this time. We are in a very dangerous position because of shoddy thinking in finance, we cannot afford shoddy thinking in energy policy given it touches virtually ever aspect of our lives. </p>
<p>People have to do serious business with thinkers like Prof. Plimer and the thousands of scientist in solidarity with him. This has not been done to date.</p>
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		<title>By: Marcin Gerwin</title>
		<link>http://permaculture.org.au/2009/04/26/beyond-peak-oil-and-climate-change/#comment-31526</link>
		<dc:creator>Marcin Gerwin</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2009 17:04:53 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://permaculture.org.au/?p=1361#comment-31526</guid>
		<description>Martin, the idea behind the CO2 to methanol approach is to... leave fossil fuels in the ground. When you use coal to liquid process you are still dependent on non-renewable resource, that being coal, plus you emit a greenhouse gas. While it is certainly a challenge to complete a design of emission-free vehicles, what we can do soon enough is to replace coal-fired power plants. We can do it even in Poland where around 94% of electricity is generated from burning coal. Many of these power plants are old now, and they could be gradually replaced by new power plants using methanol and artificial photosynthesis in a closed cycle. If energy for the process was provided by solar, small hydro or wind energy, then would could have a source of clean, reliable and emission-free energy.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Martin, the idea behind the CO2 to methanol approach is to&#8230; leave fossil fuels in the ground. When you use coal to liquid process you are still dependent on non-renewable resource, that being coal, plus you emit a greenhouse gas. While it is certainly a challenge to complete a design of emission-free vehicles, what we can do soon enough is to replace coal-fired power plants. We can do it even in Poland where around 94% of electricity is generated from burning coal. Many of these power plants are old now, and they could be gradually replaced by new power plants using methanol and artificial photosynthesis in a closed cycle. If energy for the process was provided by solar, small hydro or wind energy, then would could have a source of clean, reliable and emission-free energy.</p>
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		<title>By: Martin</title>
		<link>http://permaculture.org.au/2009/04/26/beyond-peak-oil-and-climate-change/#comment-31510</link>
		<dc:creator>Martin</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2009 07:02:49 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://permaculture.org.au/?p=1361#comment-31510</guid>
		<description>I&#039;m with Prof. Plimer completely (have his new book) always have been but I&#039;ve been a methanol economy fan since Prof. Olah&#039;s (Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry) team wrote &#039;The Methanol Economy&#039; a few years back.

This catalysis breakthrough is fantastic news. Why if I don&#039;t believe the hype around anthropogenic GW then CC now &#039;Carbon&#039;! pollution? It will provide a sop for the alarmists so we can utilise our coal, do away with fealty to nasty oil producing regimes, strengthen the family budget, and improve our balance of payments - ie ENERGY INDEPENDENCE! No more export of Islamic terrorism woo hoo!

Fischer-Tropsch coal to liquids (methanol) doesn&#039;t burn the coal but heats it so the flue gas lacks particulates etc and so is very pure and concentrated CO2 - perfect for converting it all to more methanol. 

Methanol integrates wonderfully with commercial size renewables like wind and solar. Excess off peak energy - electrolysis of water - hydrogen gas to nearby coal deposit or CO2 source - methanol. 

Methanol dissolves in water and bacteria eat it up so no more oil spills - much cleaner burning than petroleum liquid fuels, and provides more power in current I.C. Engines. Only minor modification to petrol stations. 

Methanol fuel cells are soon going to power consumer electronics (see latest laptops) and methanol is a suitable precursor to virtually every petrochemical that is the basis of our modern economy. 

Lets get to it. CNX and LNC have a head start lets follow their lead. 

P.s. Love Permaculture have influenced loads of friends and own &#039;Global Gardener&#039; Keep up the good work guys. 

P.p.s Be careful of being co-opted into global climate warming carbon change or whatever its called fashions (has all the hallmarks of counterfeit religion now) re: Permaculture.org&#039;s  long term credibility.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I&#8217;m with Prof. Plimer completely (have his new book) always have been but I&#8217;ve been a methanol economy fan since Prof. Olah&#8217;s (Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry) team wrote &#8216;The Methanol Economy&#8217; a few years back.</p>
<p>This catalysis breakthrough is fantastic news. Why if I don&#8217;t believe the hype around anthropogenic GW then CC now &#8216;Carbon&#8217;! pollution? It will provide a sop for the alarmists so we can utilise our coal, do away with fealty to nasty oil producing regimes, strengthen the family budget, and improve our balance of payments &#8211; ie ENERGY INDEPENDENCE! No more export of Islamic terrorism woo hoo!</p>
<p>Fischer-Tropsch coal to liquids (methanol) doesn&#8217;t burn the coal but heats it so the flue gas lacks particulates etc and so is very pure and concentrated CO2 &#8211; perfect for converting it all to more methanol. </p>
<p>Methanol integrates wonderfully with commercial size renewables like wind and solar. Excess off peak energy &#8211; electrolysis of water &#8211; hydrogen gas to nearby coal deposit or CO2 source &#8211; methanol. </p>
<p>Methanol dissolves in water and bacteria eat it up so no more oil spills &#8211; much cleaner burning than petroleum liquid fuels, and provides more power in current I.C. Engines. Only minor modification to petrol stations. </p>
<p>Methanol fuel cells are soon going to power consumer electronics (see latest laptops) and methanol is a suitable precursor to virtually every petrochemical that is the basis of our modern economy. </p>
<p>Lets get to it. CNX and LNC have a head start lets follow their lead. </p>
<p>P.s. Love Permaculture have influenced loads of friends and own &#8216;Global Gardener&#8217; Keep up the good work guys. </p>
<p>P.p.s Be careful of being co-opted into global climate warming carbon change or whatever its called fashions (has all the hallmarks of counterfeit religion now) re: Permaculture.org&#8217;s  long term credibility.</p>
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		<title>By: Marcin Gerwin</title>
		<link>http://permaculture.org.au/2009/04/26/beyond-peak-oil-and-climate-change/#comment-31486</link>
		<dc:creator>Marcin Gerwin</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2009 05:17:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://permaculture.org.au/?p=1361#comment-31486</guid>
		<description>Zachary, I agree that we should be planting more forests. However, if very cheap fuel was widely available, then the result would be more cars sold, more resources used, more traffic congestion and an incentive for urban sprawl. Take Moscow, for example, they have cheap petrol and a huge traffic jam. It seems to me that cheap petrol could be provided for public transportation, but a fuel tax would be necessary for private cars. It doesn&#039;t mean that the price per 1 gallon of fuel would be higher than now. It could be roughly the same. I wish the tax rate could be decided directly by the people, but I guess for now it&#039;s all up to governments.

Joseph, the price of 3 cents is just a raw cost of producing 1 liter of methanol. If you convert it to petrol, than the cost would increase to 8-11 cents (estimate). To calculate the price at the gas station, you&#039;ll need to add costs of distribution, profits, taxes etc.

Dave, as far as I&#039;ve learned there is not much energy needed for the process. That&#039;s the whole point. Otherwise the cost of energy would make it too expensive.

Toby, I agree that the term &quot;special light&quot; is not the most fortunate one (my mistake). It means: a source of photons in the UV range providing optimum color temperature for the reaction. For a non-technical reader it doesn&#039;t help much, so I decided to simplify it. You&#039;re right that since all details are not published it leaves room for speculations and uncertainty. The official publication in the scientific journal was delayed because the scientists decided to patent the technology first. I hope that professor Nazimek will clarify all technical issues himself soon.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Zachary, I agree that we should be planting more forests. However, if very cheap fuel was widely available, then the result would be more cars sold, more resources used, more traffic congestion and an incentive for urban sprawl. Take Moscow, for example, they have cheap petrol and a huge traffic jam. It seems to me that cheap petrol could be provided for public transportation, but a fuel tax would be necessary for private cars. It doesn&#8217;t mean that the price per 1 gallon of fuel would be higher than now. It could be roughly the same. I wish the tax rate could be decided directly by the people, but I guess for now it&#8217;s all up to governments.</p>
<p>Joseph, the price of 3 cents is just a raw cost of producing 1 liter of methanol. If you convert it to petrol, than the cost would increase to 8-11 cents (estimate). To calculate the price at the gas station, you&#8217;ll need to add costs of distribution, profits, taxes etc.</p>
<p>Dave, as far as I&#8217;ve learned there is not much energy needed for the process. That&#8217;s the whole point. Otherwise the cost of energy would make it too expensive.</p>
<p>Toby, I agree that the term &#8220;special light&#8221; is not the most fortunate one (my mistake). It means: a source of photons in the UV range providing optimum color temperature for the reaction. For a non-technical reader it doesn&#8217;t help much, so I decided to simplify it. You&#8217;re right that since all details are not published it leaves room for speculations and uncertainty. The official publication in the scientific journal was delayed because the scientists decided to patent the technology first. I hope that professor Nazimek will clarify all technical issues himself soon.</p>
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		<title>By: J. Coughlin</title>
		<link>http://permaculture.org.au/2009/04/26/beyond-peak-oil-and-climate-change/#comment-31480</link>
		<dc:creator>J. Coughlin</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2009 02:01:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://permaculture.org.au/?p=1361#comment-31480</guid>
		<description>I was quite exited to read the headline.  If only you had found a way to pull CO2 out of the atmosphere and hide it in some sort of stable form... but, alas, this sounds like something else entirely.  The net result of efficiency gains like this one may be to simply increase consumption, thereby, giving a new lease to a doomed civilization/economy.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I was quite exited to read the headline.  If only you had found a way to pull CO2 out of the atmosphere and hide it in some sort of stable form&#8230; but, alas, this sounds like something else entirely.  The net result of efficiency gains like this one may be to simply increase consumption, thereby, giving a new lease to a doomed civilization/economy.</p>
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		<title>By: Toby Kelsey</title>
		<link>http://permaculture.org.au/2009/04/26/beyond-peak-oil-and-climate-change/#comment-31467</link>
		<dc:creator>Toby Kelsey</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2009 19:53:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://permaculture.org.au/?p=1361#comment-31467</guid>
		<description>Wow, a &quot;special light&quot; powers it all. That explains everything!  Is that anything like the &quot;secret recipe&quot; or &quot;special fuel additive&quot; or &quot;self-regenerating power source&quot; or any of the other 1001 scams with the mystery component that is never explained or subject to scientific scrutiny, that we keep being told will save the world if only we will trust the inventor and their black box.

And the budding entrepeneur wants public funding for his *patented* world-changing mystery technology.  How many times have we heard that before?

AS Dave says, for at least minimal credibility we need to know the energy and material inputs, and yields. My guess is the &quot;special light&quot; is UV (ultraviolet) which is artificially generated (requiring oodles of energy), the mystery catalyst contains Copper+Titanium Dioxide and the conversion process is  less efficient than already existing technology or photosynthesis. If it is really patented, at least give us the patent number.

Please don&#039;t waste people&#039;s time with this stuff until the basic claims have been aired in a peer-reviewed scientific publication and been independently verified, and we have some reasonable idea of the efficiencies and materials involved.  Even if it&#039;s proposed in good faith, there are many plausible schemes that never work out because the energy numbers never quite add up.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Wow, a &#8220;special light&#8221; powers it all. That explains everything!  Is that anything like the &#8220;secret recipe&#8221; or &#8220;special fuel additive&#8221; or &#8220;self-regenerating power source&#8221; or any of the other 1001 scams with the mystery component that is never explained or subject to scientific scrutiny, that we keep being told will save the world if only we will trust the inventor and their black box.</p>
<p>And the budding entrepeneur wants public funding for his *patented* world-changing mystery technology.  How many times have we heard that before?</p>
<p>AS Dave says, for at least minimal credibility we need to know the energy and material inputs, and yields. My guess is the &#8220;special light&#8221; is UV (ultraviolet) which is artificially generated (requiring oodles of energy), the mystery catalyst contains Copper+Titanium Dioxide and the conversion process is  less efficient than already existing technology or photosynthesis. If it is really patented, at least give us the patent number.</p>
<p>Please don&#8217;t waste people&#8217;s time with this stuff until the basic claims have been aired in a peer-reviewed scientific publication and been independently verified, and we have some reasonable idea of the efficiencies and materials involved.  Even if it&#8217;s proposed in good faith, there are many plausible schemes that never work out because the energy numbers never quite add up.</p>
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